Psychology’s Classical Theorists Essay

In the field of psychology, Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung, developed three distinct theories of personality that to this day, continue to be the foundations on which all modern psychological theories are built. All three of these remarkable men knew and worked with each other. When Adler and Jung praised Freud’s book on dream interpretation, they were invited to join Freud’s circle of peers, who met weekly at his home in Vienna, Austria (Engler, 2006). At these meetings they discussed new and groundbreaking aspects of psychopathology (Comer, 2008). Freud, Adler, and Jung are unequivocally the most influential figures in modern psychology (Comer, 2008). Freud’s concept of the id, the ego, and the superego, are the underlying factors that began all three schools of thought and that provide the foundations of modern psychology (Engler, 2006). Freud believed that the id had no contact with reality and worked on the pleasure principle and hedonistic wants, with no morality involved. The ego develops as children experience the demands and constraints of reality. It uses reasoning to make decisions. The superego is concerned with right and wrong, it is the moral compass, the conscience in each individual (Comer, 2008). Freud believed that people are unaware of the most important personality processes. Like an iceberg, only the small portion of the conscious mind is accessible and above the water. The preconscious, just out of reach, and the subconscious, deeply repressed, is below the water completely. These are the reason for most problems with behavior and the personality, according to Freud (Nystul, 2006). Freud also theorized that the personality was formed by early childhood experiences, called psychosexual stages (Engler, 2006). If a child’s basic needs are not being met during one of these stages, the child may become â€Å"fixated† or stuck in that stage. For example, if an adult smokes, he or she could be said to be â€Å"orally fixated. † According to Freud, infants at the oral stage use their mouths to explore their environment (Engler, 2006). Freud’s emphasis on sexuality is one of the main reasons why Adler and Jung disagreed with him. They thought that Freud put entirely too much emphasis on the libido and sexual energy in children. Freud and Adler met every Wednesday for eleven years (Comer, 2008). In 1911, Alder, along with eight colleagues, broke away from Freud’s circle to form the school of â€Å"Individual Psychology† (Engler, 2006). Adler’s theory differed from Freud’s in that it focuses on the person as a â€Å"whole. † The Adlerian term, individual psychology, refers to the human being as indivisible, as opposed to Freud’s view of an individual being, internally divided (Engler, 2006). For Adler, each aspect of the personality points in the same direction (Nystul, 2006). Adler saw how humans connect with one another, with family, with friends, with community, and with society as a whole. He believed that this interconnectedness is essential for an individual to develop and to thrive (Comer, 2008). Each person develops uniquely, according to acquired experiences, both past and present. The process starts at infancy, as children compare themselves to older children and adults, they experience feelings of inferiority (Engler, 2006). This is a normal reaction to the awareness of not being able to do as one pleases. These feelings motivate people to strive towards usefulness and to become contributing members of the family, the group, and the society at large (Nystul, 2006). Carl Gustav Jung, long an admirer of Freud, met him in Vienna, Austria in 1907, after Jung praised Freud’s book, â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams† (Comer, 2008). At this historical meeting they talked for 13 hours (Nystul, 2006). Freud thought that Jung, twenty years his junior, was to become his heir apparent. In 1910, Jung did become the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Association (Engler, 2006). However, in 1914, Jung broke away from Freud, primarily because he disagreed with Freud’s view of sexuality (Nystul, 2006). Using his own theories, he then began the school of â€Å"Analytical Psychology. â€Å"Jung’s theory of personality divides the psyche into three distinct parts: the ego, consisting of the conscious mind, the personal unconscious, which contains thoughts, memories, and experiences that are not presently conscious, but can be, and the collective unconscious (Nystul, 2006). The collective unconscious could be described as a â€Å"psychic inheritance† (Comer, 2008). It could also be a type of reservoir of the human experience as a species. Yet, the individual is never conscious of its presence (Feist, 1985). Jung’s â€Å"Archetypes of the Personality† evolve from the collective unconscious. These are the persona and its shadow, the female anima and male animus, and the self. Jung felt that until balance could be found within these archetypes in each individual, the complete realization of the self could not be achieved (Comer, 2008). The son of a pastor, Jung had a great interest in spirituality and its effects on the personality. His studies and knowledge of eastern philosophy, yoga, and meditation have certainly had an impact on his theories and have contributed greatly to today’s holistic approach to overall health (Nystul, 2006). Jung’s theories and writings have had a major impact on contemporary thought in many areas such as art, music, and literature (Douglas, 2005). Jung also coined the term â€Å"synchronicity,† which can be defined as â€Å"meaningful coincidences† occurring in everyday life (Engler, 2006). Jung claimed that there exists a synchrony between the mind and the phenomenal world of perception in each individual. For example, thoughts of an old friend fill one’s mind in the evening. The next morning, that particular friend calls, or news about them is received, out of the blue. However, no physical evidence has been found to support this idea (Strogatz, 2004). Although Freud, Adler, and Jung had their unique theoretical differences, they also shared many commonalities. For instance, they all utilized hypnosis and dream interpretation as therapeutic tools to treat their patients (Comer, 2008). They also all agreed on the importance of early life experiences and the existence of unconscious processes (Nystul, 2006). In the field of psychology, Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung, developed three distinct theories of personality that to this day continue  to be the foundations on which all modern psychological theories are built. In their day, these three men were on the cutting edge of the newest science of western civilization. If not for Freud, Alder, and Jung psychology would not have evolved into the field that it is today. ReferencesComer, Ronald, J. (2008). Fundamentals of abnormal psychology. (5th edition). New York, NY. Worth Publishers. Douglas, C. (2005). Current psychotherapies. (7th Edition). (pgs. 96-129). Itasca, Ill. F. E. Peacock. Engler, Barbara. (2006). Personality theories. (7th Edition). Boston, MA. Houghton, Mifflin Company. Feist, J. (1985). Theories of personality. New York, NY. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. Nystul, Michael (2006). Introduction to counseling, an art and science perspective (3rd Edition). Boston, MA. Pearson, Allyn, & Bacon. Strogatz, Steven, H. (2004). SYNC: How order emerges from chaos in the universe, nature, and daily life. New York, NY. Hyperion. NOTE FROM AUTHOR: The only comments from my professor were about APA formatting, like margins, and double spacing the bibliography. No points were lost for this.

History of Vietnamese Diaspora

History of Vietnamese Diaspora Memory is another Country: Women of the Vietnamese Diaspora The author of the book is Nathalie Huynh Chau Nguyen and the Praeger publishers printed it in 2009. The author is a renowned scholar in matters affecting women in society, particularly those living in foreign countries. Currently, she is an ARC Australian Research Fellow serving at the Australian Centre.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on History of Vietnamese Diaspora specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She holds a doctoral degree having won a common wealth scholarship to study at the University of Oxford. She has authored several books and articles and one of her bestselling books is the Vietnamese Voices: Gender and cultural identity in the Vietnamese Francophone Novel. The book was written in 2003 and went on to be nominated for an international award. Another book that she has written is the Voyage of Hope: Vietnamese Australian women’s narrative , which was published in 2005. Apart from books and other published materials, Nguyen has been engaging in online reviews whereby she has analyzed the writings and views of many scholars. The author takes a feminist approach whereby she reports some of the issues that women face in society (Nguyen 8). She notes that women are unable to realize their objectives and ambitions because of factors such as religion, male chauvinism, and defective social structure. She teaches that the individual should not be judged based on his or her gender because everyone has a unique capability, irrespective of the sexual category. Introduction The topic, Vietnamese Diaspora, is important in understanding some of the problems that foreigners encounter in other countries. Unfortunately, Vietnamese never left their land at will, but instead they were forced to vacate because of the escalating conflicts and continued disagreements over governance. The fall of Saigon and the subsequent takeover by the Co mmunist regime fuelled conflicts that made it unbearable for citizens to coexist peacefully. The topic is important in understanding the role of peace and peaceful resolution of conflicts because any confusion might lead to deaths and continued suffering. Nguyen undertook her study on the lives of Vietnamese living in other countries through ethnography whereby individuals are given an opportunity to narrate what they experience, as well as how they feel being refugees. Ethnography is one of the qualitative research designs that explore the cultural problem of a group. Through ethnography, Nguyen expresses the culture of Vietnamese graphically and in written form.Advertising Looking for book review on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Views of Nguyen Through the book, she proves that remembering is one of the most effective ways of explaining and expressing the past. Moreover, it is an imaginative wa y of dealing with any form of a loss in an individual’s life. In the world characterized by conflicts leading to forceful transfer of population, the use of the technique understanding people’s lives is considered effective. She requested the interviewees to give an account of their lives in foreign land. In particular, she interviewed forty Vietnamese women. In her analyses, she categorized issues into several subtopics, including divergent views of families, the importance of homeland, the return of Vietnamese, cross-cultural interactions, conflicts among various generations, and finally the unspoken issues that women encounter in their daily lives. The role of Vietnamese women in society has changed dramatically following the influences of the west. Studies show that women have always occupied inferior positions in Vietnam, with Confucianism being the major cause of women’s tribulations in society. For many years, women have been considered the sex objects me aning that their major role was to satisfy the desires of women, including preparing food and ensuring that all activities related to the home are conducted in time. Towards the end of the Sago dynasty, there was a shift in the roles of women, as a number of intellectuals called on the government and the society in general to consider giving women a chance to realize their potentials through instituting reforms that would give women an advantage in matters related to political, economics, and education. Christian missionaries played a critical role in ensuring that the government protects the interests of Vietnamese women while at the same time making sure that women are empowered through community projects (Ong and Meyer 45). This was at the turn of the 19th century when it was made clear that each person has a potential in society, irrespective of gender and economic background. In 1898, a reform movement was formed with the major aim of protecting the interests of women, whose ma in objective was to liberate women from the hands of men.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on History of Vietnamese Diaspora specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Methodology Qualitative methods explain why a given pattern of events has taken place. On the other hand, quantitative methods explain what and when of a phenomena. Ethnographic research and phenomenology as approaches of qualitative research were appropriate in her study. Ethnography helps in the investigation of culture women. Phenomenology helped in investigating the realities of culture, as well as how it affects women as regards to their status in oversees countries Analysis This allowed women to participate fully in the revolution with their interest being forcing their way out in education and economics. The formation and subsequent leadership of the Communist Party in the country allowed women to take up positions in the government, as the party insis ted on gender equality. Before the introduction of the western ideals in the Vietnamese society, women in the country were expected to respect the Confucian laws, which are known to pin down the contributions of women in society. The Confucian laws tend to set up a certain hierarchy with an aim of enforcing obedience that is based on an individual’s age and sex. Based on the traditional law, old people would definitely have the most powerful positions whereas the youth, particularly women, were expected to occupy the least positions in the social ladder. A married woman was to obey the husband and other men in the family, including her own son when the husband dies. This proves that the power of women was very limited to an extent that a woman had no power to negotiate for her own marriage, but instead the parent was expected to do so (Stevens 54). In fact, the family had the right to sell their daughter to any stranger provided adequate resources were given out. Fewer women held positions of influence when compared to men who had all the rights to inherit property, divorce, pursue a course of their choice, and engage in politics Towards the end of the 19th century, the Saigon dynasty failed to protect the country from foreign aggression, paving way for the western missionaries who had an enormous influence on the lives of Vietnamese women. Western traders inserted too much pressure on the Vietnamese society to accept change, with political intervention from western powers playing a role in shaping the local activities in the country. Through this, urbanization was realized, which led to internal unrest. Missionaries combined efforts with other Vietnamese reformers to convince the government that the reason for backwardness was the low status of women who had no education (Eberhard 78).Advertising Looking for book review on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fall of country’s leadership led to the formation of the communism, women have continuously enjoyed their freedoms, even though male chauvinism and defective policies continue to hamper their achievements. The government has always been under pressure from local and international activists, who are mostly from western countries, to allow women to undertake courses that would allow them to compete favourably in the global market. Before the 20th century, many women were encouraged to undertake courses that are feminine in nature, including nursing and secretarial related courses. This means that women would not have an opportunity to undertake science related courses in institutions of higher learning, as society had already determined certain courses for them (Zhang 89). In the 20th century, women in the western societies forced their governments to provide mechanisms through which they could study sciences, particularly medicine, in the institutions of higher. This urge spread out to parts of Vietnam, with local pressure groups fighting for the rights of women calling on the government to come with measures that would ensure women study sciences ion universities. Before this, the standards for enrolling in the sciences courses were very high consequently locking out many young women with an ambition of studying medicine. In the United States and various parts of Europe, the government came up an affirmative action in education that would give women an advantage to study sciences (Stevens 76). Eberhard, Wolfram. A history of China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. Print. Hoyle, Richard. Research methods in social relations, Wadsworth, Fort Worth, 2002. Print. Nguyen, Nathalie. Memory Is Another Country: Women of the Vietnamese Diaspora. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger, 2009. Print. Ong, Nhu-Ngoc, and Meyer, David. Protest and Political Incorporation: Vietnamese American Protests, 1975–2001. Centre for the Study of Democracy, 4.8 (2004), 89-95. Print. Stevens, Keith. A Jersey Adventurer in China: Gun Runner, Customs Officer, and Business Entrepreneur and General in the Chinese Imperial Army. 1842-1919. Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 32.1 (1996): 79-112. Zhang, Zhan. â€Å"Modernization of China†. Asian Social Science 6.4 (2010): 154-159. Print.

The Performance Management System Of Colbran Medical Institute Essay - 1

The Performance Management System Of Colbran Medical Institute - Essay Example They tend to contribute towards their organization staunchly and scrupulously only when they are motivated, and their contributions are valued and appreciated by their organization. Valuing one's contribution and supporting their initiatives is possible only when an organization realizes its employees’ contribution in a way it should be realized. This is possible with the proper implementation of an objective performance management system. Using objective measures of performance evaluation makes employees clear that organization follows procedural justice and rewards them according to their contribution. The end result of objective performance evaluation is motivation, commitment, encouragement, job satisfaction, and greater employee retention that contribute towards organization’s profitability in the long run. Moreover, with objective performance appraisal followed by good reward administration makes employees loyal and more committed towards their respective organiza tions. Thus, we can say that objective performance evaluation followed by performance appraisal accompanied by proper reward administration makes employees motivated and committed towards the organization. This paper focuses on the performance management system that will be suggested for Colbran medical institute in pursuit of removing its flaws in its current performance appraisal. Why organizations need performance management system is an important question. Most of the researchers argued that for unbiased performance evaluation, implementation of performance appraisal system is compulsory because it works by taking into account key performance indicators (KPI) and key performance results (KPR). When organizations communicate their employees the performance standards and key performance indicators clearly, that helps businesses in achieving competitive advantage because employees with a clear goal of what is expected of them.

Creating Balanced Budget Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creating Balanced Budget - Assignment Example If the taxes are increased, then there will be inflated figures and the imbalance will continue being experienced. One of the ways of implementing this step is that all federal expenditure saves for the payments on the debts need to be frozen to lower levels such as less than 10% of the preceding year (Smith & Hou, 2013). Therefore, reduction of the expenditure as described is deemed the best method of reducing the negative balances in the budget. Areas Requiring Increase and DecreaseFrom an analytical perspective, the greatest problem in the budget starts at the point where expenditures are mentioned. In this case, all the values, both revised and actual are negative (Heun, 2014). That means that this is the section that needs to be seriously trimmed. Strict balanced budget requirements need to be instituted so that excess spending is restrained as much as possible. Consider the total expenditure for the year 2013 operating at -3803.30. It means much of the expenditure was borrowed and this creates more debt year after year which is not good for the future of the country and the citizens. This is realised through the government having a specified rate of expenditure for every department listed in the budget. If 10% cut is imposed on all sections, then it means that all the expenses will be cut by the same rate (Smith & Hou, 2013). The other section that needs to be looked at is the revenues section. In this case, it is worth noting that the entire revenue section depends on taxes and duties.

Fairytale with Child Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fairytale with Child Psychology - Essay Example eriences, though mostly in a metaphorical way, so that they automatically develop the required psychological flexibility to cope up with ever changing nature of the entire socio-cultural system. The most important contribution of fairytales in the context of child psychology development is its universality of approach, which helps a child to expand the horizon of his/her imagination. The adult world that children are about to enter is full of surprises and different types of attractions that may appear interesting primarily but at the same time, those also can create psychological problems if a child is incapable of being adapted to those aspects. A fairytale familiarizes a child withy such unknown fathoms of life through known objects and experiences so that he/she feels free to encounter the world with in a easeful manner; consequently, can appreciate everything that suits the process of his/her psychological development and denounce all those aspects that appear to hinder such pro cess (Kready 28-29). Thesis Statement: Fairytales, within its broad scope, encompass continuous overlapping of experience and non-experienced, familiar and unfamiliar, usual and unusual, finally leading into the creation of such an ambiance which churns out the humane spontaneity and in the longer run, helps to contribute in the larger social context, â€Å"The essence of the fairy tale is natural life in a spiritual world, the usual child in the unusual environment, or the unusual in the natural environment. The combination of the usual and unusual is the chief charm †¦ where a natural child wanders through a changing environment that is unusual† (Kready 29). The literary tradition of human civilization is fertile with numerous pieces of fairytale literature, among which certain pieces are considered as classics. The Beauty and the Beast, by Jeanne Marie, Le Prince de Beaumont, is one such example that transcends the barriers of time, place, action and attained the position of one of

Neuroscience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Neuroscience - Assignment Example The tale of Lucy is elaborated by Dr. Barbara Smuts and his wife. The couple provide a classic story of their experiences with the chimp, Lucy, who was adopted when she was barely 2 days old. Lucy was brought up amidst human beings and she learned to be a human. However, as she grew up to be an adult, those who reared her realized that her future would be better in the forests amidst other members of her family and sent her back to the forests, but with some training. The story of Lucy is a heart breaking one not only for those who reared her and showed her so much of love and affection, but also to those who came to know about the story. The presentation of the episode on the radiocast is excellent and tears rolled down my face after I heard it. It is indeed a heart breaking story, Humans or non-humans, feelings are the same and to live without the ones you have loved and have loved you is very difficult. More so for an ape, who, if brought up amidst other apes in the forest would h ave had different experiences in his life all together. Although, on one side, I feel like criticizing and mocking the arrogance of humans for conducting such experiments without consent on these animals who have no other choice, at the same time; I feel sad for the tumoil they too went through for sending Lucy to the forests.

CAD for Electromagnetic Devices Laboratory Exercise

CAD for Electromagnetic Devices Laboratory Exercise An introduction to numerical modelling techniques for electromagnetic problems using finite element analysis Contents 2. Introduction 3. Simulation Results 3.1 Electric Potential 3.2 Magnetic Flux Density 3.3 Magnetic Flux Density For Single Conductor 3.4 Finite Difference vs Finite Element 3.5 Comb Drive Micro Actuator 3.6 Magnetic Circuit 4. Discussion Finite element analysis (FEA) is the modelling of products and systems in a virtual environment, for the purpose of solving potential (or existing) structural or performance issues. (1) FEA is the practical application of the finite element method (FEM), a numerical technique for approximating solutions to boundary value problems for partial differential equations (2) which cannot be solved analytically. This method works by separating a large system into smaller parts called finite elements, known as discretization (3). The simple equations governing these finite elements are accumulated to form an overall system of equations for the problem, which FEM uses to approximate a solution. Computational Electromagnetics is the process of modelling the interaction of electromagnetic fields with physical objects and the environment. (4) The electromagnetic analysis that this involves is based on solving Maxwells equations subject to given boundary conditions. Maxwells equations can be expressed in general differential form and therefore the solutions to electromagnetic problems governed by these equations can be modelled and solved using FEM. (5) The electromagnetic problems outlined in this report have been modelled and approximated in two-dimensional space using the finite element program pdetool in MatLab. This is done through the use of linear triangular elements. 3.1 Electric Potential The aim of this experiment was to model the electric potential between two circular metallic conductors of radius 30 cm and centre distance 120cm. The left and right conductors were subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions and given potentials of 1 and -1 respectively. The enclosed area was modelled using the Neumann boundary condition (6) and the current source set to 0. The following model was observed: The purple to blue shading demonstrates the varying electric potential across the model, with V = 0 at the midpoint of the two conductors as anticipated due to the equation†¦ The electric field is visualised through the red arrows, confirming the expectation that the current would flow from the positively charged conductor to the negatively charged conductor. 3.2 Magnetic Flux Density This experiment aimed to model the magnetic field between two cylindrical, current-carrying conductors of radius 5cm and centre distance of 60cm. The magnetic permeability of both conductors was set to and the current density set to 1 and -1 respectively. The enclosed area was modelled using Dirichlet boundary conditions with magnetic potential set to 0, and the magnetic potential and current density set to and 0 correspondingly. The following model was observed: The red arrows show the direction of the magnetic field at certain points, while the shading demonstrates the magnitude of the magnetic flux density, clearly highlighting that the strength of magnetic flux decreases with distance away from the conductors. The current in each conductor is given by the equation , where J is the current density and A is the cross sectional area of the conductor. Using this equation yields a current of 7.85mA for the left conductor and -7.85mA for the right conductor. 3.3 Magnetic Flux Density For Single Conductor The experiment from 3.2 was then replicated using a single, circular, current-carrying conductor of radius 0.2cm. The boundary conditions for the enclosed area remained the same while, for the conductor, magnetic permeability was set to and current density to 1. The following model was observed: The magnetic flux density was then measured from the FEM model for a number of distances and compared with results calculated from theory; this comparison can be found in table 1 below. 3.4 Finite Difference vs Finite Element For this electrostatic model, a 16cm x 12cm square was plotted to represent four electric diodes of differing electric potential, shown in figure 4. The dielectric permittivity of the electric diodes was set to 1 and the electric potential and electric field for the system was modelled as shown below: The variation of electric field between the positive and negative diodes is represented through the shading and the electric field lines are shown in black. Values for the electric potential at particular geometric coordinates were then measured from the FEM model and compared against the results calculated from FDM; this comparison can be found in table 2. 3.5 Comb Drive Micro Actuator This experiment aimed to model the electric field distribution of a voltage controlled, comb-drive, electrostatic micro-actuator, consisting of a movable comb and a fixed comb, with the latter containing four fingers. The dimensions of the comb were specified as follows: w=1, d=1, dl=0.6 and Lc=3 (all figures are in mm) and explained through figure 6: The movable comb was given a potential of 5V and the fixed comb a potential of -5V to simulate a 10V applied voltage. The electric potential of the enclosed area was set to 0 and the space charge density to 0 as well. The following model, demonstrating electric field distribution, was observed: 3.6 Magnetic Circuit A model for an electromagnet was created as shown in figure 8 below: The magnetic permeability of the iron was set to 500 and current density 0. The coil was represented in the model by two rectangles either side of where the coil appears in figure 6, one with positive and one with negative current density. Given that the current in the coil is 10 A-turns, the current density is given by the equation, where A is equal to the area of the approximated coil. The magnetic permeability of both the coil and the enclosed area were set to and models for the magnetic flux density and magnetic field were achieved. These are shown below: The experiment was then altered to model the effects of the coil if the material of the magnet was plastic, with a relative permeability of 1, and therefore the magnetic permeability of the magnet was set to . All the other values remained constant. The magnetic flux density and magnetic field were then found and are shown below: