Conventional Machining vs Non-Conventional Machining Free Essays

lConventional Machining VS Non-Conventional Machining Conventional machining for the most part includes changing the state of a workpiece utilizing an actualize made of a harder material. Utilizing customary techniques to machine hard metals and amalgams implies expanded interest of time and vitality and in this manner increments in costs; now and again regular machining may not be attainable. Traditional machining likewise costs as far as device wear and in loss of value in the item attributable to initiated remaining worries during produce. We will compose a custom paper test on Customary Machining versus Non-Conventional Machining or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now With consistently expanding interest for made merchandise of hard composites and metals, for example, Inconel 718 or titanium, more intrigue has inclined toward non-traditional machining techniques. Customary machining can be characterized as a procedure utilizing mechanical (movement) vitality. Non-traditional machining uses different types of vitality. The three fundamental types of vitality utilized in non-traditional machining forms are as per the following : †¢ Thermal vitality Chemical vitality Electrical vitality One case of machining utilizing warm vitality is laser. Warm techniques have numerous focal points over customary machining, yet there are a couple of weaknesses. Inconel 718, titanium and other hard metals and combinations have an exceptionally high liquefying point. Utilizing warm strategies will require high vitality contribution for these materials. Concentrating heat onto any material incredibly influences its microstructure and will typically cause breaking , which may not be alluring. Wellbeing prerequisites for warm strategies, particularly laser, are requesting as far as time and cost. Machining huge zones or numerous surfaces simultaneously utilizing warm techniques isn't ordinarily conceivable. †¢ The strategies utilizing electrical vitality are electrodischarge machining (EDM) and nodic machining (AM), which are comparable practically speaking. EDM, frequently refered to as flash disintegration, utilizes beat voltage to expel material from a workpiece and a non-conductive medium to clear the flotsam and jetsam. Since the medium is electrically idle the device is an immediate opposite of the workpiece and no confused apparatus plan rules are required. Be that as it may, the stun of flash disintegration can influence the microstructure on the outside of the workpiece. Likewise, EDM has a lower material evacuation rate than AM. The synthetic compounds utilized in AM are non-poisonous and the vitality required is not exactly oth er nonconventional machining forms. It has no impact on the microstructure of the workpiece. The electrolyte can even be regular ocean water, empowering AM to be utilized in a sub-ocean limit. The hardness and warm resistivity of the workpiece material don't make a difference thusly hard metals and combinations can be machined utilizing instruments produced using gentler materials. The main burden is that instrument configuration is somewhat more intricate than that of EDM, yet programming is being created to make this simpler. The controllability, ecological flexibility, speed, wellbeing and nonattendance of progress in workpiece microstructure make AM a serious assembling process. Step by step instructions to refer to Conventional Machining versus Non-Conventional Machining, Essay models

Epidemiology World Health Organization

Question: Talk about theEpidemiology for World Health Organization. Answer: Presentation The plan utilized in the exploration is food recurrence survey which is generally alluded to as FFQ structure. The principle preferred position of this structure is that the technique is reasonable in the estimation of long haul dietary admission as it depends on normal admissions of food over some stretch of time. Another preferred position of this structure is that the plan is pre-corded and along these lines its information readiness doesn't require a healthful master. The model is likewise proficient and its expense of organization is low .the plan can likewise be directed in one visit (Friis, 2010). During the subsequent time of five years, 1879 instances of the sort two diabetes mellitus were recognized from the associate examination. At the point when both the quintiles were ordered and looked at, the vitality and age adjusted relative dangers were as per the following; entire grain=0.62 (95% [CI] 0.53, 0.71, P tendency .0001). Refined grain=1.31 (95% CI=1.12, 1.53, P pattern = .0003. Proportions of cleaned to entire grain admission =1.57 (95% CI=1.36, 1.82, P pattern .0001. RR=1.26, 95% Confidence interval= 1.08, 1.46, P=.01 for inclination when the extraordinary quintiles were looked at. From the table, we can without much of a stretch see that the complete grain utilization is straightforwardly identified with a decrease in the degree of danger of contracting diabetes mellitus 2.there is an opposite connection between the utilization of entire grains and the danger of experiencing diabetes type 2.The entire grain is related to the admission of oat fiber. Oat fiber admission diminishes the danger of experiencing diabetes mellitus 2. From the investigation, the examination demonstrates that all out grain utilization is conversely related with the chance of experiencing diabetes mellitus II. Lower admission of entire grain was profoundly related to an improve in the probability of experiencing diabetes mellitus II. The entire grains are wealthy in oat fiber which are profoundly connected with anticipation against diabetes mellitus 2.Dietary fiber admission is one supplement that can incredibly help in insurance against the diabetes ailment. The primary explanation behind changes of examination was on the grounds that cigarette smoking, liquor utilization and family ancestry seemed, by all accounts, to be a main consideration influencing the weight file (BMI).The above additionally demonstrated a solid quadratic relationship causing underweight hazard particularly in ladies. Liquor utilization, smoking, age and the geological region are viewed as potential perplexing variables that necessary changes in order to diminish inclination in the investigation since diabetes mellitus 2 dangers is decidedly related to them. The utilization of food recurrence survey in the investigation will in general overestimate the vitality and all out grain utilization yet it doesn't represent protein and fat admission (Coulston, Boushey, Ferruzzi, 2013). Approval and adjustment considers are significant in food recurrence survey in sustenance the study of disease transmission for the motivation behind deciphering the discoveries and different variables that influence approval. These components may incorporate memory and the supplements information. Table of relationship between dietary fat admission and skin disease. Disease patient= CP Melanoma (high)= H Melanoma (low)=L Complete CP CPH=150 CPL=80 CP=230 Control=C CH=130 CL=100 C=230 Non control=NC NCH=280 CN=40 CN=40 Complete CH=300 CL=200 500 RR= [{am/(am+bn)}/{cm/(cm+dn)}] = [{a (d+bq)/b(c+aq)}/{b(c+aq)}] = [ad {1+ (b/d)}/bc {1+ (a/c)}] High versus low fat admission [50{1+ (80/500)}/25{1+ (250/500)] =68/37.5 OR 1.813. Medium versus high fat admission. = [25{1+ (40/500)}/50{1+ (80/500)}] =27/68 or 0.397 This is on the grounds that the danger of experiencing melanoma decreases with the decrease of low dietary fat. Populace credited to danger of melanoma because of low fat admission; =25% of 500= 125 individuals. Twenty five percent of the investigation companion who expended low dietary fat despite everything confronted the danger of experiencing melanoma. This can be credited to different factors, for example, liquor utilization and smoking. By utilizing a similar instrument in a dietary based investigation, it is noticeable that there is no solid proof that underpins the connection between high fat admission and expanded danger of experiencing melanoma. Or maybe, the exploration demonstrates the probability of the above occurring. Exceptional, there is no examination that has explored the relationship between dietary fat admission and the danger of basal cell carcinoma, the danger of CMM and squamous cell carcinoma in an equivalent associate and keeping in mind that utilizing a similar structure of fat admission. There is no significant relationship among introduction and the accomplice experiencing the infection. At the point when the associate is uncovered and when not uncovered, the probability of experiencing the illness is steady. The spread of the infection can be ascribed to other factor separated from introduction. Introduction to the UV radiation is the single main consideration that is exceptionally credited to skin malignant growth (Rom, Markowitz, 2007). Additionally, the variety of frequencies, for example, the coetaneous threatening melanoma in a companion living in a comparative height has proposed that fat dietary admission may have a job in an accomplice experiencing melanoma. Relative danger of introduction causing ailment in youthful grown-ups. RR= [{am/(am+bn)}/{cm/(cm+dn)}] = [{a (d+bq)/b(c+aq)}/{b(c+aq)}] = [ad {1+ (b/d)}/bc {1+ (a/c)}] = [30{1+970/120)}/80{1+ (50/120)}] =47.50/113333 =0.419 Relative danger of introduction causing infection more established grown-ups. RR= [ad {1+ (b/d)}/bc {1+ (a/c)}] [40{1+ (70/120)}/90{1+ (50/120)}] =63.333/127.5 =0.4967 The relative introduction to chance in more seasoned grown-ups is higher contrasted with that of more youthful grown-ups. Introduction expands the likelihood of a more seasoned grown-up experiencing the sickness however it doesn't influence the more youthful grown-ups. This is opposite when there is no introduction. Increasingly youthful grown-ups are at a danger of becoming ill when there is no introduction than the - more established grown-ups. A case of a run of the mill predisposition in a companion study is the subject determination inclination. It is least expected that the components that may influence enlistment of subjects into a plausible partner study can present predisposition. To make this inclination, the choice of the subject must be identified with both the result and presentation (Lachin, 2014). Territory being talked about is typically enlisted into a gathering of study before they have the outcome and the experience of concern. This demonstrates how effectively an enrolment might be identified with introduction. This sort of partner study inclination is probably going to be progressively normal in an accomplice study that is review particularly if the associate being considered is required to give educated agree to cooperation (Gordis, 2014). This happens in light of the fact that a review partner concentrate for the most part begins after all the instances of an infection have happened and the subjects mig ht know about both the introduction they are in and the results. Model; Consider an examination that is theoretical of a word related presentation that was led 15-20 years back in a production line. Throughout the years, there rose some doubt that working in the processing plant was enormously connected with some unfavorable wellbeing impacts (Savitz Wellenius, 2016). At long last, a review companion study was done as shown in the possibility table beneath; Fair-minded information wiped out Non-ailing by and large presentation 1000 9000 10000 Not uncovered 500 9500 10000 The above information is fair and its RR would be as follow; RR unbiased= [(1000/10000)/(500/10000)} =2.0 In any case, in situations where a significant number of the old information records were lost yet was given the doubt of estimation and guess, the records of the workers who were dissolvable however later had medical issues are probably going to be 99% retained(Wang, 2011). This would result to the information appeared in the table beneath; One-sided result wiped out Non-unhealthy by and large presentation 990 7200 8190 Not uncovered 400 7600 8000 The one-sided RR would be ;={( 990/8190)/(400/6000)} =0.1209/0.05 or 2.42 From the abovementioned, we can unquestionably say that misfortune record results in over estimation and determination inclination for a situation study. Truly. Loss of information and records brings about overestimation and determination inclination relying upon the situation of the accomplice study. This kind of predisposition primarily emerges from review companion study. It may happen because of maintenance or loss of the investigation subject as these are identified with both the result status and the presentation choice inclination is probably going to happen if the decision or determination of the uncovered or the unexposed subject in a review accomplice study is in a route identified with the result of the premium. We can relate this to address 4.The table given shows the relative hazard when loss of information. From the abovementioned, the loss of record brought about an over estimation and choice inclination. Reference Bonita, R., Beaglehole, R., KjellstroãÅ"ë†m, T., World Health Organization. (2006). Essential the study of disease transmission. Geneva: World Health Organization. Chan, S. G. (2008). Advancement of food recurrence survey and database for evaluating soy isoflavone consumption in the Chinese populace. Coulston, A. M., Boushey, C., Ferruzzi, M. (2013). Sustenance in the counteraction and treatment of sickness. Dietary reference admissions for vitality, sugar, fiber, fat, unsaturated fats, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. (2006). Washington, D.C: National Academy Press. Friis, R. H. (2010). The study of disease transmission 101. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Gordis, L. (2014). The study of disease transmission. Lachin, J. M. (2014). Biostatistical Methods: The Assessment of Relative Risks. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Rom, W. N., Markowitz, S. (2007). Ecological and word related medication. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Savitz, D. A., Wellenius, G. A. (2016). Deciphering epidemiologic proof: Connecting rese

Tips for Better Tenant Management

Tips for Better Tenant Management If you plan to make money in real estate by owning and renting commercial and/or residential property, then it is important to understand and abide by best practices for tenant management. Good tenants are the lifeblood of profitable real estate investments, while bad tenants can not only give you headaches, they can torpedo your financial goals. It is important to understand how to find good tenants and manage your relationships with them to ensure the success of your investment. © Shutterstock.com | Tom PenparkIn this article, we will explore, 1) commercial tenant management, 2) residential tenant management, 3) screening of commercial and residential tenants, 4) commercial and residential tenant rights, 5) obtaining real estate insurance for commercial and residential real estate properties, 6) performing regular maintenance on commercial and residential property, and 7) property management of commercial and residential property.COMMERCIAL TENANT MANAGEMENTAccording to a research study by the commercial real estate firm Jones Lang LaSalle, it can take up to two years to make up for the income lost by the loss of a tenant. And a 2011 study by the real estate market research firm Kingsley Associates notes that the chance of lease renewal by a satisfied tenant is triple the chance of lease renewal by dissatisfied tenants. To ensure that your commercial real estate tenants are satisfied with their residence in your property, it is important to develop a writte n strategic plan for tenant management. The plan should include an assessment of, and a plan to meet, their real estate needs. You should develop a regular communications program with a single point of contact, as well as an assessment program with appropriate metrics that measure the level of tenant satisfaction.RESIDENTIAL TENANT MANAGEMENTAs with commercial real estate tenant management, a satisfied tenant is more likely to renew their lease; and communication is key to satisfied tenants. Particularly if you plan to manage a residential property yourself, you should meet your tenants and establish a point of contact. Take the time to learn their needs and do what is reasonable to ensure that those needs are met.One key need of both commercial and residential tenants is security, but security takes on an added, personal dimension for residential tenants. Whereas a commercial tenant’s insurance might cover the cost of lost equipment in the case of a break-in, no insurance can cov er lost sentimental items, or sense of safety, in the case of a residential break-in. A proper alarm system, light landscaping, and lighting, can deter criminal activity.For both commercial and residential tenant management, tenant screening, constructing proper lease agreements, and maintenance are three of the biggest priorities.SCREENING OF TENANTSFailure to find reputable tenants, who can and will abide by all the terms set forth in the lease can cost you greatly in time and money. A considerable amount of due diligence is required. Whether you are dealing with commercial or residential tenants, you should not only check their credit history and references, and verify their income, you should interview them as well. Listen to your gut, in addition to poring through their background.Screening of commercial tenantsMany firms have formed corporate entities for tax or other purposes. It is critical to find out who the people are behind the entity and assess them as well as the firm. You can usually find this by checking with the Secretary of State in the state in which the firm is incorporated.You should also request â€" and obtain â€" a personal guaranty from the principal. This will allow you to lay claim to the assets of the principal if the firm happens to go bankrupt. Without such a guarantee, a tenant’s bankruptcy may net you nothing to cover the loss of income and/or rent in arrears.You should ensure that your tenants are able to pay and will abide by the terms of the lease, not just through income statements and references. You can require a non-standard security deposit. The standard is one month, but requiring a two or three month deposit, may indicate to you that the tenant has a healthy cash flow, and indicate to the tenant that they should adhere to the lease terms strictly to ensure the return of their money. Those who balk may very well have been problem tenants.Finally, review the prospective tenant’s business plan, especially if they are a new business. If it does not make sense to you, this may indicate that they will not have the funds to pay you.Screening of residential tenantsScreening residential tenants is just as important as screening commercial tenants. Obtain their credit reports from the three credit reporting agencies, rather than rely on those they bring you. Get proof of employment, and ask for a bank statement, so that you can ensure that they have either the cash flow and/or the assets to pay the rent on time. Run a criminal background check, and check references thoroughly. Ask for more than one landlord reference, as the current landlord may lie and give a prospective tenant a good reference in order to get him/her out of their property. As with a commercial tenant, you can ask for a non-standard security deposit, and/or non-standard lease terms, which may indicate their willingness and ability to meet the lease terms.It is critical to understand and adhere to the Federal Fair Housing Laws, which sa y that you cannot discriminate against prospective tenants based on race, origin, religion, sex, familial status or disability. There may also be local Fair Housing Rules you have to follow; for example, certain states also prohibit discrimination based on certain criminal offenses.How To Screen Tenants Landlord Tips For Beginners TENANT RIGHTSBe very clear on the rights of your tenants before drafting a lease, and make sure to adhere to them. Landlord-tenant disputes can be very expensive and time-consuming. The best way to avoid them, in addition to selecting good tenants, is to be very clear on what you can and cannot, and crafting a lease agreement that falls squarely within those parameters. Make sure your lease terms are clear and specific. Also make sure that after they vacate the premise that you return their security deposit (to which both commercial and residential tenants are entitled if they have adhered to their lease terms.Rights of commercial tenantsIn general, the r ights of tenants are inscribed in the lease. Courts tend to decide cases based on adherence to lease terms even if the terms seem to violate aspects of basic fairness. Residential tenants have far more protections than commercial tenants do under the law. For example, there are protections for residential tenants in instances of foreclosure, lack of landlord maintenance, and entry to the property by the landlord.To facilitate a positive landlord-tenant relationship, spell out lease terms clearly. Regarding entry to the property by the landlord, define what constitutes “adequate notice” clearly in your lease. This is especially important for tenants whose businesses require some level of confidentiality. Make sure that you ensure more than adequate notice in cases of invasive maintenance that may affect your tenant’s business operations.Rights of residential tenantsYour entry into your tenant’s space is also in issue in residential landlord tenant relationships. Spelling out what constitutes adequate notice in the lease is wise, and may help you avoid a violation of local or state law, as well as a lawsuit.Most states require that you ensure that the residential space meets basic habitability requirements as fully defined by your local housing authority. These may include heating, waterproofed structural elements, water, electricity, absence of pests and other unsanitary conditions, and adherence to electrical codes. These are basic requirements, but you should also ensure the implementation of related measures, like the installation of smoke detectors and properly functioning locks, to ensure tenant satisfaction.Understand that if you do not meet these basic requirements, the tenant may, depending on the city or state in which your property is located, withhold part or all of the rent, or make the repairs themselves and charge the expense against the rent they owe you.Insights In Law: Landlord and Tenants legal Rights REAL ESTATE INSURANCETo protect yo ur assets, insurance is key. Because you have no direct control over what your tenants do on your property, you cannot stop them from damaging it deliberately or inadvertently. Further, the impact of externalities such as inclement weather on your property, cannot be predicted. Many a homeowner and real estate investor has lost hundreds of thousands of dollars for want of comprehensive insurance policies.You should also review all policies at least once a year to make sure that they are up-to-date and as inclusive as possible. Get a financial advisor to review them as well (not a broker who may receive a commission by upselling you policies you do not need).Obtaining real estate insurance for commercial propertiesTo obtain building insurance, you should get a certifier appraiser’s valuation of your property, and take inventory of the property inside the building, such as appliances and flooring, that would need to be replaced in case of loss. Speak with an insurance company abou t the costs of property insurance, flood, and liability insurance, as well as umbrella insurance, which will cover what falls outside of your liability limits. Also, look into “loss of use” policies that cover the rental fees for a new building while your existing property is repaired in case of a disaster.Review how comprehensive the insurance policy is. Will it cover you in the case of a once-in-a-lifetime weather event? Or do you have to pay extra for that? Remember that hindsight is 20/20, and opt for the more comprehensive policy, where financially feasible.Obtaining real estate insurance for residential propertiesAs with commercial property, get a certified appraisal of your property and take inventory. Understand that your credit will be a factor in your premiums, so take steps to clean up any items on your credit record before approaching an insurance company.Purchase Landlord Contents Insurance, which will cover damage to the inside of your property and its contents. Ta ke a look at Rent Guarantee insurance that ensures that you receive your rent even if your tenant does not pay it. This type of insurance usually can be purchased when the insurance company does the tenant screening. Also, buy Natural Disaster Insurance, and Employer’s Liability Insurance, the latter if you employ anyone to handle maintenance or do work on your property. This covers you in case of any claims from these workers against you.Rental Properties Insurance Investor Guide to Rental Property Insurance PERFORMING REGULAR MAINTENANCEAndrew Zezas, President and CEO of N.J.-based Real Estate Strategies Corporation, writes on his blog, Corporate Advisor, that “landlords entitled to be called great, are those who […] maintain the heck out of their properties.” Regular maintenance is a must, not only to ensure you suffer no loss of property value, but because disputes over what a tenant believes is contractually stipulated maintenance can cost you considerable time, rental income, and legal fees. Further, maintenance issues drive down customer satisfaction, and therefore, the chance of a successful lease renewal.Commercial property maintenanceWith commercial real estate leases, you can require that the tenant is responsible for the maintenance, as long as you spell it out clearly. You also must spell out what the tenant, and/or their contractors, can and cannot change on the property. If you are to assume responsibility for the repairs and maintenance, you can pass on the estimated costs to the tenant in rental fees and/or common area maintenance (CAM) fees.Residential property maintenanceResidential property maintenance is usually the province of the landlord. By employing a regular program of maintenance, you can avoid extensive costs down the road, as well as tenant disputes. Such a program should include monthly exterminations; post-storm assessment of leaks and water damage; regular assessments of grout and caulking, tests of smoke and carbon mo noxide detectors, and flushing of water heaters.PROPERTY MANAGEMENTRegardless of your reason, if you choose to be a landlord, there are resources available to you, including those provided by local real estate boards, real estate networking groups, and property management software. If you are purchasing commercial property â€" especially of a type with which you are either somewhat or completely unfamiliar, and/or if you are looking to manage a large portfolio of properties, you are likely better off employing the services of a property manager or property management firm.Being a landlord of a commercial propertyCommercial real estate tenants, while holding their tenants to the lease terms, should try to do what they can to facilitate the tenant’s success. That may include speeding up a planned renovation, or co-marketing their business. After all, a successful commercial tenant is one who can pay the rent, and may well renew the lease.Being a landlord of a residential propertyIn general, landlords should make sure they strictly hold tenants accountable for following the terms of the lease, as well as follow the expectations for themselves defined therein. These include ensuring a safe, secure and sanitary premise, communicating any changes to the property or proposed changes to the lease terms in a clear and timely manner, and providing proper maintenance.Employing a property manager/management firm for a commercial propertyThe screening of a commercial property manager/firm can be as important as screening your tenants. They will be the first point of contact with your tenants and therefore be key to your ensuring tenant satisfaction. You should ask a prospective property manager/firm how they can help you keep costs down and rent competitive; whether they are licensed; what their experience is with the market in which your property is located is; what their legal experience/capacity is; what their fees are; and what the contact information of their refere nces is. Once selected, work out a plan jointly with the manager/firm, complete with benchmarks for assessing their success, and regularly oversee their progress towards your goals.Employing a property manager/management firm for a residential propertyA residential property manager/firm should be selected with many of the same criteria as a commercial property manager/firm. Look for local, licensed managers/firms with experience in planning, dealing with legal matters and problem tenants, and with good references. Once again, oversight is essential, as is a plan for ensuring tenant satisfaction and profitability.Commercial tenant management softwareThe number of elements needed to manage a single real estate property successfully multiplied by your properties and the number of your tenants in those properties, can yield a large number of variables. To manage all of these moving parts, you should consider using commercially available real estate management software. A recent review g ave LandlordMAX top honors for professional property management, citing a robust suite of accounting and document management features.Residential tenant management softwareBusiness News Daily gave Quicken Rental Property Manager kudos for those smaller property owners/managers who may not be incorporated. LandLordMAX also provides robust residential property management solutions.

The French Revolution Vs. Bourgeois Revolution - 1734 Words

The French Revolution, or Bourgeois Revolution, is one of the most popular topics in history today. When the Chinese premier, Zhou Enlai, was asked his opinion of the French Revolution in 1972, he replied: â€Å"too early to say† (Inside China s Ruling Party). He is, for the most part, still correct. Many of the complex theories and ideas that were propelled into society from this revolution such as the role of the government in a modern system, idealism and pragmatism, and the role of the bourgeois, are still convoluted and ambiguous ideas to modern thinkers. During the eighteenth century, France was overstrained and unable to balance its longstanding political instability, insurmountable economic debt and disorganization, crop shortage, little ice age, the decrease in food prices, the uncompromising nobility, aristocratic revolution, the new conquering Enlightenment ideologies especially Rousseau, and the surplus of the unsatisfied bourgeois under a weak and indecisive King. In the year 1789, the old ‘ancien regime’ snapped. The French Revolution began and continued for the next twenty-six years. Needless to say, the ideas created and perpetuated during the revolution were highly influential to not only the French citizen’s themselves, but to the world outside France, and, therefore, were sustained and advanced even after the revolution. During the different phases of the revolution, the ideas of the Enlightenment philosophes, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and growingShow MoreRelatedCauses And Background Of The French Revolution Essay1786 Words   |  8 PagesCauses and Background of the French Revolution French Revolution: 1789 - 1799 French military intervention helped garner revolutions elsewhere. At the time, France was the most populous and advanced society. â€Å"The essential fact about the Old Regime was that it was still legally aristocratic and in some ways feudal. Everyone belonged legally to an ‘estate’ or ‘order’ of society. 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Organizational Systems And Impacts. Shortly After The...

Organizational Systems and Impacts Shortly after the acquisition of PacifiCare by UnitedHealth Group (UHG), the differences in the corporate culture and leadership styles were apparent. No longer did the PacifiCare motto of â€Å"every employee matters† ring true. Large numbers of acquired staff were laid off and for those who were allowed to stay the motto practiced by many of the acquiring managers was more reminiscent of â€Å"we don’t need you†. For those trying to assimilate into the UHG organization, it was clear that the mission and values spoken by senior leadership were not what was practiced by many of the management staff. Philosophy and Goals As sister companies and part of the UHG organization, United Healthcare (UHC) provided†¦show more content†¦For those units that did interact with patients the patient care model utilized was one focused on improving the health of specific populations of patients. Differing slightly from the traditional disease management approach of assisting patients in the management of their lifestyle choices that affected their chronic medical conditions, Optum subscribed to the population health focused patient care model. As described by Cramm and Nieboer (2016) the population health delivery model was one, which emphasized improving the overall quality of the patient’s life by addressing the physical, social, and financial difficulties typically faced by patients with chronic medical conditions. The goal of the population health model was to foster a sense of â€Å"well-being† within the patient by providing the education and resources needed to e mpower the patient to make life long changes (Cramm Nieboer, 2016). Systems Model From an organizational perspective, Optum utilized the divisional structure approach. Broken up across business segments and geographic locations, each division within Optum functioned as an autonomous business entity (Optum, n.d.). Each business segment was then organized according to the business needs of that particular unit. For the population health management unit, an informal team-based structure was implemented which allowed the individualShow MoreRelatedValley National Bank ( Vnb )1063 Words   |  5 Pagesprinciples and experience with acquisitions. After an extensive due diligence period, they decided to acquire 1st United Bank. 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Life on the Arabian Peninsula Free Essays

The Arabian Peninsula By: Minali Prasad Due Date: December 7, 2011 Class Color: Sapphire Table Number: 5 There are four different types of environments in the Arabian Peninsula. Three-fourths of the Arabian Peninsula is desert. The desert has plains and plateaus. We will write a custom essay sample on Life on the Arabian Peninsula or any similar topic only for you Order Now Temperatures can reach up to 120 °F or drop down to below zero. There is 3 to 4 inches of rain per year with many droughts. Flash floods are caused by the annual rainfall. The desert has many oases. Oases result in plants, shade, and water. An oasis begins when water deep underground travels to the surface. The soil around and oasis is very fertile, so it produces plant life like grass and shrubs. Oases range from a few acres to expansive areas. The water is beneficial for farmers as they can grow their crops there as well as trade them. The coastal plain is surrounded by the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf. The coastal plain varies from 5- 40 miles from the heart of Arabia. There are many cliffs along the shore. The damp, moist air is the result of regular rain. Sometimes, water fills the riverbeds that intercept the coastal plains. Farmers grow crops on the coastal plains. Traders also benefit from the coastal plains because there are seaports. The mountain ranges line the western edge of the Arabian Peninsula. Their altitude is from 1,000 feet to 12,000 feet high. The mountains have 20 inches of rainfall each year because of moist winds from the Southern Ocean. The mountain ranges stay cool by rain and elevation. Winter brings frost and fills the riverbeds with water. Farmers use dams and irrigation systems to help grow their crops. | Muhammad was a prophet which meant he was a messenger of God. Muhammad was important to Islamic faith because he introduced the belief in one God, also alled monotheism. Before Muhammad, people living in the Arabian Peninsula were polytheists which means they believed in more than one God. Muhammad was born in Mecca, a town that grew wealthy off of trade. At that time, Arabia was only united by culture, mostly language. Multiple families ruled the city whereas clans could only live in the city of Mecca. Mecca was a popul ar destination for pilgrimages. Arabs either lived in the cities or the deserts which was ruled by tribes. Muhammad’s tribe was Hashim. Hashim took notice of his birth since his father had died. Muhammad’s mother sent him to live with wandering nomads who taught him Arabic traditions. At age six, Muhammad returned to the city, but soon his mother died. After his grandfather’s death, Muhammad was left in the care of his uncle, Abu Talib. During his childhood, Muhammad raised his family’s sheep and goats. Later, at age twelve, Muhammad experienced place farther out than the deserts on a trading journey with his uncle. As a result of his numerous trading journeys, Muhammad became a merchant. He was described as â€Å"trustworthy†. Fifteen years later, Muhammad was notified, by the angel Gabriel, that he was the messenger of God. Khadijah, his wife, convinced him convert others to the religion of Islam. Though most people believed him, some clans rejected his faith and boycotted the Hashim clan. When it became too dangerous, Muhammad moved to Yathrib on a journey called hijrah. Yathrib was renamed Madinah. Makkans tried to siege Madinah but failed. In 632, Muhammad traveled on his last pilgrimage to Mecca and gave his Last Sermon. Muhammad was important to the Islamic faith because he united Arabia with religion, set an example for Muslims on how to live and introduced Islam into Arabia. | The â€Å"five pillars of Islam† are the five basic rules of worship for the Islamic faith. These ideas are faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and making pilgrimages to Mecca. Muslims today still follow the five pillars of faith. The first pillar of Islam is Shahadah. Shahadah is the declaration of faith in which Muslims identify themselves as monotheists. They also declare that Muhammad was God’s messenger. People pledge to believe in God and submit to him. Muslims also believe in angels and other creatures like them. Angels are perceived to do God’s work. The second pillar of Islam is Salat. Salat is daily ritual prayer. Muslims show their religious discipline, spirituality, and closeness to God through salat. Muslims five times a day and are called to prayer by a muezzin. Before entering a mosque, Muslims wash their arms, face, hands, and feet. Inside a mosque, an imam leads them in prayer. While praying, people face the direction of Mecca. A person may pray anywhere they like. The third pillar of faith is zakat which is giving to those in need. Muslims believe almsgiving discourages greed because they give 2. 5% of their earnings to â€Å"purify† themselves. Zakat was used for construction of public property. Today zakat is used for soup kitchens, clothing, shelter, orphanages and hospitals. An individual decides what the money is used for and where it goes. The fourth pillar of Islam is siyam or fasting where you do not eat or drink from dawn to dusk. Muslims show siyam through Ramadan. Ramadan is the ninth month when Gabriel told Muhammad he was a prophet. During Ramadan, Muslims begin fasting when a white thread can be identified next to a black thread. To break a fast, Muslims eat food like dates and pray where they hear parts of the Qur’an each day. Ramadan teaches fasting and kindness. Eid-al-Fitr is a celebration that marks the end of Ramadan. The fifth pillar of Islam is hajj where a Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Mecca on the twelfth month. A person does so once in their life. Wearing white, Muslims circle the Ka’ba seven times. Later, they visit sacred sites like the Zamzam spring, Plain of Arafat, Mount Arafat and Mina. Pilgrims end with a celebration that lasts for four days. They sacrifice sheep or goats to God. This celebration is known as Eid-al-Adha. | The Arabic language emphasized learning. Even Muhammad himself declared that â€Å"The ink of scholars is more precious than the blood of martyrs†. Scholars from places like Europe, North Africa and the Middle East came together and cooperated to build on their ideas. Early Muslim rulers built places of learning for the students like schools, colleges, and libraries. For example, Caliph al-Ma’mun established the House of Wisdom in the city of Baghdad. This happened in 830. Scholars translated texts there. Those texts were from Greece, India, China, and Persia. There was also a House of Wisdom in Cairo which served for the purpose of scholars. This building opened in the tenth century. Another example is the famous library in Cordoba, Spain which has over 400,000 books. Some texts studied by scholars were those of Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. Muslim scholars tried to use reason and logic. An Arabic philosopher tried to combine reason with faith like Christian scholars but failed because he couldn’t prove there was a possibility of someone resurrecting on judgment day. Ibn Sina was a Persian philosopher who gave evidence that the soul of a creature was immortal. This philosopher influenced other scholars in Europe. Ibn Sina though that God was the source of knowledge and that truth could be extracted through reason and revelation. | Muslim scholars made theories about the evolution of animals like al-Jahiz. Zoology is the scientific study of animals. Muslims started the first zoos. They were also advanced in astronomy. With astronomy, people used compasses and astrolabes to locate the direction of Mecca. Another example of Muslims using astronomy is that astronomers figured out the exact times to start and end Ramadan. Astronomers also discovered that the Earth rotated. They inquired whether the Earth was the center of the universe. Muslim scholars were very curious about their universe. Muslims also made advancements in technology. They made dams and aqueducts like the Greeks to provide water for their cities. Remodeling the old irrigation systems, canals, and wells, they built new and sturdy ones. Muslims brought water from canals and reservoirs with water wheels. The land used Muslims is dry so this was very beneficial. In mathematics, Muslims worked with ideas from India and Greece. In fact, algebra was created by Al-Khwarizmi â€Å"father of algebra† His texts re now one of the most important today. Arabic numerals also came from one of Al-Khwarizmi’s books. Arabic numerals were used for business and trade. Muslims also learned fractions and decimals from an Indian scholar. Muslim scholars emphasized the concept of zero. Zero means â€Å"something empty†. Algebra, Arabic numerals and â€Å"zero† are still used today. Muslims learned medicine from Greeks, Mesopotamians, and Egyptians. There were many hospitals in the Muslim communities. Doctors had many ways to cure the sick and treat the wounded patients. The patients were treated with a balanced combination of drugs, diet, and exercise. Pharmacists made medications for the doctors to use. Pharmacists made different types of medications such as drugs for pain, antiseptics for infections and ointments for wounds. Surgeons did operations on the patients such as amputations, taking out tumors and removing cataracts. Some famous physicians were al-Razi and Ibn Sina. Al- Razi discovered that a bacterium is the cause of infections and Ibn Sina was called the â€Å"prince of physicians† because he wrote a book about the treatment of diseases. | Muslims had a unique style of architecture. One of the buildings that they created was the mosque. Mosques had towers called minarets which had a small platform like a deck so the muezzin could call Muslims to prayer. Outside of the mosque was a fountain in which Muslims could perform their washing of arms, face, hands, and feet. The prayer room was located inside the mosque where worshippers prayed, facing mihrab (niche to show the direction of Mecca). An imam led the prayers. There were many designs of mosques that showed the religious and artistic side of the Muslim community. The four types of art in the Muslim community were geometric and floral design, calligraphy, textile and music in Muslim Spain. Muslims were famous for their art that was used for decorative purposes. Muslims did not have pictures of humans and animals because they thought only God had the right to create something â€Å"alive†. Artists used shapes, patterns and geometry to make decorations. Decorations were also used on household items. Arabesque was a type of decoration where nature like leaves, and flowers, was painted onto many surfaces. Artists also used shapes like polygons in their art. The next type of art was calligraphy (the art of beautiful writing). The Qur’an was copied in calligraphy because Muslims thought calligraphy was beautiful enough to write the words of God. Calligraphers used tools such as bamboo and ink to create calligraphy. Calligraphy was used on pottery, tiles and swords. The third type of art was textiles. Textiles are manufactures clothes. Textiles were important trade items. The types of textiles were wool, linen, silk, or cotton. The fabrics could be embroidered or dyed. Importance and rank was used to indicate through clothes. The last form of art was music in Muslim Spain. Music centers were scattered all over the Islamic community but the music in Cordoba, Spain combined the cultures of Islam and Spanish to make their very own style. Ziryab started the first conservatory where musicians learned from him. Songs were important in Muslim Spain’s culture. There were song about love, nature and accomplishments of the empire. Muslim Spain’s music used instruments like drums, flutes and lutes. | The Crusades were a series of wars launched against Muslims by European Christians. The reason behind the Crusade was to capture Palestine or the city of Jerusalem. Palestine was being ruled by the Seljuk Turks, which was a developing empire. Afraid that their strength may one day become too great to overcome, the emperor Byzantine asked Pope Urban II what to do, and he suggested they start a religious war to capture the Holy Land and destroy the Seljuks. Christians fought with Muslims against Jews and other Christians. Their goal was to win the Holy Land. The Crusades took place in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. Though Christians suffered through many hardships during the Crusades, they also gained from the war. Kings had to tax the people to pay for those who had fought in the Crusades. Feudalism among Christians ended because the monarchs grew powerful as the knight had to leave for war. The Crusades changed the way of life for Christians. They dressed in muslin, learned to eat new foods, and learned to use spices in their cooking. Muslims suffered more than Christians, but gained less. They lost Iberia to the other Crusaders. Muslims died and were murdered with their property destroyed. However, they learned to use new weapons and military ideas. They began an army like the Europeans. The Crusades resulted in political changes for the Muslims. New mosques and schools were built. Jewish crusaders suffered the most. There were violent persecutions and murders. The French and German murdered many Jewish, destroyed synagogues and tortured the Jewish until they agreed to become Christians. Riots and massacres were the result of anti- Semitism. Christians took over and ran the Jews’ trading businesses. France and England expelled the Jews. The Jews were finally forced to live in ghettos. | How to cite Life on the Arabian Peninsula, Essays

Policies that support SME business start

Legislative initiatives for SMEs have altered dramatically over the decades. In the 1960s, when these policies were initially passed, most SMEs were defined as disadvantaged groups. However, this perception changed tremendously in the late 1990s when the government recognized that small and medium enterprises were a crucial driver of the economy (EIU 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Policies that support SME business start-ups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Uchikawa (2009) adds that the changes in basic law in 1999 were designed to promote vigorous growth. Currently, the law focuses on competition and innovation, which is partly because of a 2005 law that focused on promoting innovation in start-ups. In order to determine some of the support structures or policies that enable SME start-ups, it is essential to look at certain macroeconomic factors. UNESCAP (2011) found that Japan is ranked 27 with regard to economic freedom, which is a relatively good position. In this index, a number of components are quite relevant to SME development in the country. They include the influence of government in business, legal enforcement of contracts, regulation of barriers to trade as well price controls. The index also contains elements about payment of bribes, existence of license restrictions as well as requirements for recruiting and dismissing employees. The economic freedom index is indicative of the policies that support productivity in a country. Therefore, since Japan is doing relatively well, then one might assert that many SMEs find the economic environment conducive for doing business. EIU (2010) also talks about other measures designed to assist SMEs to weather difficult environmental conditions. For instance, to deal with the economic recession, the government introduced tax reductions for SMEs that have a capital of 100 million Yen by 4%. However, this policy was short-term oriented as it expired in 2011. In additional to provision of financial assistance, several policies are designed to assist SMEs in locating markets for their products. Uchikawa (2009) reiterates these sentiments by highlighting the role of local governments in achieving this goal. A case in point is the Tokyo Metropolitan government, which brought together a number of SMEs with engineering orientation.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These companies were then linked to aerospace companies in Japan and the international market. JSBRI (2012) also adds that several provisions exist for non-financial policies. It highlights policies such as those that govern subcontracting transactions. The government passed a Subcontractor Payment Act that was designed to protect SMEs against unfair subcontracting transactions. The government has also partnered with SMEs to assist them in locating su bcontractors who want new partners. This is a large incentive for those interested in pursuing the subcontracting business model. JSBRI (2012) also notes that the government is currently assisting many small and medium enterprises that source their markets from the public sector. The government has established a contract policy targeting local governments and other representatives of the public sector that can do business with SMEs. Additionally, businesses can access consultation services on management in order to ensure that they can handle external environmental factors. These services are available through advice centres found in the Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Japan has an Act known as the Industrial Revitalization Special Measures Act. It helps revitalise SMEs prior to their collapse. What these policies indicate is that a lot of support structures exist for SMEs during operations, when carrying out transaction or even when in need of revitalisation. These initiati ves send the message to entrepreneurs that that they have a government that supports them, so it encourages many to pursue SME ventures. Government policy support for SME start-ups has been dynamic and ever-present. EIU (2010) notes that even though the Japanese government’s support structures are quite impressive, most potential SME owners do not know about the existence of those programmes. A need exists for awareness-raising among the public. Another problem identified by one of the research participants in the Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU) research is inequality in access to business resources. This stems from the vertical hierarchal structures prevalent in Japan’s business communities (EIU 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Policies that support SME business start-ups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Main industries in which SME start ups occur Most literature on starting SMEs also ide ntify the common sectors in which one is likely to initiative their ventures. EIU (2010) found that most Japanese SME start-ups occur in retail with about 20% of these companies belonging to the sector. Additionally, it was found that the second largest number of SMEs is in the service industry, including the hotel or restaurant industries. While Japan is famed for its manufacturing endeavours, start-ups in thus sector represent 11% of all SME initiatives. Therefore, manufacturing SME start-ups are position five in the list. Construction related firms represent 12% of all new SMEs while real estate, wholesale, health, education, transportation, ICT and finance represent the least amount of SME start ups in that order. It should be noted that some SMEs may belong to sectors that represent less than 1% of the total start-ups in this category. However, the government still has instated plenty of initiatives to support those institutions. These groups include agriculture, forestry, fish eries, the transport industry (including railways and sea transport), and environmental sanitation businesses. Such SMEs enjoy IT deployment, financial and infrastructural support from the government. METI (2010) explains that low representation from the manufacturing sector stems from the export orientation of most Japanese producers. The global economic recession has taken a toll on their survival in the industry. Additionally many of them cannot turn to the local economy because it is not that promising. While information about major industries is available, it is imperative to identify new areas for SME growth, especially in declining industries. Few studies have been done in this aspect, so researchers ought to fill that research gap. Additionally, more research should be done on the numerous SME government policies in Japan. It is essential to determine whether they respond to industry demand and changes that have occurred over the past few years. SME start-ups may also be cla ssified on the basis of the clusters to which they belong. These organisations often concentrate on certain regions or industries in order to meet their need. They may organise themselves around company towns, production regions, mixed urban or invitation clusters. For instance, Toyota City has witnessed the development of several SMEs designed to meet the needs of the firm. Usually, these organisations will work hand in hand with Large Enterprises that are their main clients (Uchikawa 2009). However, EIU (2010) notes that this approach is not working well for new SMEs.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, a new approach ought to be sought. Mixed invitation clusters include those sectors where industries come together in order to take advantage of certain aspects of production like cheap labour. These clusters may not have much in common. Uchikawa (2009) affirms that imports from China are making cheap goods from Japan uncompetitive. Therefore, new ways of clustering must be sought. The research on SME clusters is clear; however since emerging trends have declared older models uncompetitive, it is vital for researchers to study new patterns of industry clusters. More literature is needed in examining the way forward for SME collaborations. Financial backing and support for SME start ups in Japan BOJ (2004) explains that SMEs heavily rely on loans for capital needs. However, these organisations have been experiencing difficulties in fund raising owing to a number of challenges. Estimates indicate that SMEs have higher debt than large corporations, so banks tend to trust t he latter than the former. When compared to large enterprises, financial institutions’ attitude towards lending to SMEs has always been much worse for them than for bigger companies. BOJ (2004) explains that part of the problem stems from the SMEs themselves. Many of them are not transparent with financial institutions. This creates information asymmetry in the sector. Additionally, a number of SME entrepreneurs lack collateral needed to secure bank loans. EIU (2010) add that many potential SME owners do not have the skills needed to describe their businesses to lending institutions. Additionally, their financial projections or accounting practices do not assist banks in assessing their growth abilities. As a result, most potential entrepreneurs loose out on local financial support. BOJ (2004) also believes that the banks are not faultless. Most of these institutions heavily depend on land as the only collateral. Consequently, when the price of land goes down, then the value of the collateral diminishes and they end up with non performing loans. EIU (2010) suggests that forging relationships with banks and SMEs is the solution to this problem. BOJ (2004) reiterates that that the key strategy for solving this problem is creating middle risk lenders that would meet the needs of middle risk institutions. These lenders would consider the probability of future cash flows, public guarantees or any other collateral that is more easily available than land. It is the intellectual property of the SME that should be considered rather than the fixed assets. EIU (2010) disagree with the above concerning the key reason behind reduced lending to new SMEs. They believe that it is the global economic crisis that has dried up credit in most institutions. UNESCAP (2011) also agrees with the latter author by stating that as credit became rationed, more lending institutions focused on established firms. Therefore, businesses that really needed funding, like new SMEs, lost t his financial support. Consequently, banks have become more risk averse. However, EIU (2010) concur with BOJ (2004) on the strict lending criteria in most banking institution, which peg on availability of fixed assets. EIU (2010) also suggests that banks can train their staff concerning SME programmes. This would provide them with a stricter basis for assessment of SME potential and hence their credit risk. UNESCAP (2011) believe that the government can ensure regulatory structures support SME financing. They can also work on improving scoring services in order to ascertain that the costs of financing SMEs are well understood. BOJ (2004) also echo these sentiments by stating that banking institutions need to have comprehensive and well-integrated scoring infrastructure in order to deal with the information asymmetry that exists in the current banking climate. UNESCAP (2011) also add that governments can support SME start-ups’ access to capital through the use agencies; for in stance, some can specialise in transaction registries. JSBRI (2012) states that the Japanese government has started working on such agencies; although, the effect of such initiatives is yet to be seen in the market. Since many new SMEs cannot count on traditional financial institutions for capital, many of them are looking to international investors for new opportunities. They are securing investment on the basis of their intellectual property. EIU (2010) explains that some businesses look to Korea, Taiwan and China for investment because their cultures welcome risks. The Japanese mindset revolves around mistake avoidance rather than growth and risks. UNESCAP (2011) believe that many SME start-ups depend on personal loans for financial support. They turn to their friends, family or colleagues to develop. Nonetheless, the above writers also state that this form of financing is not always present. When external economic constraints, like the global credit crunch, enter the picture, ev en informal avenues of finance can dry up. Overly, Japan has a capital access score of 7.07out of 10, and is ranked 15th out of 122 in terms of this parameter (UNESCAP 2011). While such numbers may seem impressive, they only reflect a general picture. The country has a relatively high level of access to capital but most of it does not go to small enterprises, especially those that are just starting up. The literature shows that, compared to large enterprises, SMEs find it relatively hard to get capital financing. Authors differ on the key reasons behind these observations. Some say that it is the risk-averse culture of the Japanese; others believe it is overreliance on fixed assets for collateral that is the main inhibitor. Some writers claim that external factors like the credit crunch are to blame. Alternatively, others believe it is poor information asymmetry that has caused the problem. Little research exists concerning informal access to capital for SMEs. Therefore, future scho lars should explore this area as it is a crucial source of finance for new SMEs in Japan. Key patterns, trends and developments in starting SMEs Uchikawa (2009) states that entrepreneurs’ incomes have been declining since the 1990s. Consequently, self employment is not as attractive as it used to be prior to those declines. Additionally, the young generation is also loosing interest in this business model because it has more confidence in the formal employment sector. As a result, many SMEs are operated by old entrepreneurs who lack successors. During the 80s and 90s, new SMEs were started by people in the 30s who had minimal education and no prospects for finding work. They turned to self employment because they had no alternative. One may, therefore, assert that the number of new SMEs is reducing in Japan. China is becoming the manufacturing capital of the world. Several multinationals have realised the cost efficiencies of operating in such a climate, including some manufa cturing firms in Japan. Therefore, small manufacturing enterprises that had set up their businesses around major organisations like Toyota are finding it hard to compete with component manufacturers in China. As a result, few new SMEs are developing in these sectors (EIU 2010). Japan has achieved a gender balance in terms of the kind of people who start new SMEs. From 2007, more women than men were responsible for the creation of new SMEs. In that year, females represented 5.2% of all small and new entrepreneurial activity while males only represented 3.5% (UNESCAP 2011). The demographic figures have been maintained to date. Ample presentation of the genders indicate that Japan has exerted a lot of effort in educating the masses about engagement of all demographic groups in business. JSBRI (2012) also back this assumption by reiterating the government’s support for female-centred SME ventures. Several financial and non financial programs exist for female entrepreneurs in the country. In the past, one was likely to encounter problems in acquiring new employees when starting a new SME venture in Japan. Many workers had a bias towards larger institutions. Nonetheless, EIU (2010) affirms that this pattern is changing dramatically. Most SME owners can easily access quality workers even during start ups. Some of the participants in the interviews conducting by the researchers in the article accredit this change to the financial crisis. Large companies were heavily hit by the recession, so a number of them had to let go of good employees. This made employees aware of the fact that large enterprises were not indestructible. On the flipside, some respondents believed that employees had no choice but to look for work in smaller organisations, even though they were just starting up. Some entrepreneurs claim that the recession led to a sharp increase in unemployed graduates who had to turn to SMEs for work (EIU, 2010) (UNESCAP 2011). The literature indicates that some inconsistencies exist concerning the rising availability of workers for SME start-ups. Consequently, more research should be done to establish the main drivers of this pattern. Doing so would clarify whether such a pattern is only short term or whether SME owners can count on it in the future. In close relation to the above trend is the leasing of workers, known as Shukko. New SMEs in need of high quality human resources can lease workers from large companies that have excess numbers but do not want to lay off their employees. New SMEs benefit by getting employees that they would not have a chance to access while large corporations benefit by holding on to their valued workers. They also get some monetary income on the side (EIU 2010). Growth opportunities JSBRI (2012) believes that many new SMEs should develop in traditional industries that have programmes and incentives designed to support them. Industries such as fisheries and the environment should be ceased as potential in dustries to initiate new SME ventures. Conversely, EIU (2010) says that the future for new SMEs lies in internationalisation. Domestic demand has stagnated for a while; therefore, new SMEs should look towards external markets. In order to achieve this, entrepreneurs should learn about overseas markets, the government should provide exporters with management resources needed to enact transactions. Furthermore, it is imperative to learn English, French or other foreign languages in order to facilitate communication between SMEs and their source markets. JSBRI (2012) illustrate that the government, through various channels, is already establishing programs that will help SMEs globalise. SMEs can also consider altering their managerial approach when conducting business, which may require a cultural reorientation. Several Japanese organisations give precedence to technical aspects of business but ignore other components that are crucial to success; such as, management and marketing. Comp anies ought to consider balancing technical work with other aspects. Scaling up would require less focus on craftsmanship and more on the business aspects (EIU 2010). Research gaps and inconsistencies Some inconsistencies and gaps were identified from the literature. For instance, little is known about how SMEs can be informed about the numerous government programs in place. Also researchers have not studied how new SMEs can revamp declining industries or how they can form new industry clusters. Few authors have studied whether government-led SME incentives are working. Inconsistencies on the reasons behind low capital access and high availability of employees should be clarified. More research is also needed on why new Japanese SMEs are not internationalising. It is likely that these inconsistencies stem from the nature of research employed as well as the time frame of the research. EIU (2010) conducted a series of interviews among a few key players in the Japanese SME sector. Some were entrepreneurs while others represented agencies that work with SMEs. They also relied on case studies. This explains why their responses were highly inconsistent. It would be more effective to carry out a survey, or at least increase the sample size. BOJ (2004) heavily relied on data collected from lending institutions, so their research findings were quite solid. JSBRI (2012) collected aggregate economic data, financial and demographic data on key SME traits. They used it to make projections on current patterns. It is likely that their short-term focus limited the applicability of their findings. METI (2010) carried out a comprehensive survey on SMEs, so their research methodology has minimal flaws. Conversely, UNESCAP (2011) and Uchikawa (2009) relied on secondary materials, which have their own imperfections. It would have been insightful if they did their primary research. References BOJ 2004, SME financing in Japan and the BOJ’s action plan. Web. EIU 2010, ‘S MEs in Japan: A new growth driver?’ The Economist, December, p. 1-15. JSBRI 2012, White paper on small and medium enterprises in Japan. Web. METI 2010, White paper on small and medium enterprises in Japan. Web. Uchikawa, S. 2009, SMEs under recession in Japan. Web. UNESCAP 2011, SMEs in Asia and the Pacific. Web. This report on Policies that support SME business start-ups was written and submitted by user Jul1us to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.